Friday, January 18, 2019

Stuc Pierre (Estuco de Piedra)


Por cortesia de Plâtres Vieujot
El Stuc Pierre, es un acabado de enlucido a veces hecho con moldes que imita la piedra ashlar. Está hecho con una mezcla de yeso, cal hidratada (opcional) y un árido pulverizado de la misma piedra original a la que se pretender imitar.

Historia

Casa de Sallust
alrededor de 100 AC
Aunque existen numerosos ejemplos de imitación de piedra hechos con estuco entre varias  civilizaciones antiguas, fueron los Griegos y los Romanos quienes perfeccionaron este arte. Los griegos, desarrollaron técnicas de estuco para emular directamente su monumental arquitectura de piedra. Por lo contrario, los romanos, mostraron una interpretación más realista en desafío a las normas griegas. Los Romanos manifestaron una preferencia por su uso en ornamentos interiores, y aprovecharon la ventaja de la libertad física que ofrece el estuco para crear decoraciones que incluso no serían posibles de realizar con piedra.

En la europa medieval, el arte de Stuc Pierre disminuyó e incluso llegó casi a desaparecer por completo debido a que fué trascendido por la imitación a la piedra con técnicas de pintura al temple y a la cal. Pero durante el renacimiento italiano empezó un resurgimiento de la imitación de la piedra con estuco de cal. Un ejemplo notable es el Palazzo del té del siglo XVI, en el exterior de Mantua, donde se desarrollaron a la perfección cornisas, frontones y una variedad de adornos en homenaje al prestigioso travertino romano de los Palacios de la antigüedad.

Palazzo del Té

Por cortesia de Plâtres Vieujot
Francia pronto lo siguió, en los siglos XVII y XVIII. Stuc pierre, basado en yeso predominaba en los interiores públicos durante el siglo XIX adornando áreas comunitarias como entradas, halls o escaleras. No solo creaba la ilusión de una arquitectura clásica monumental en piedra, sinó que también proporcionaba la durabilidad, una durabilidad comparable que ha permitido disfrutar de muchas instalaciones presentes hasta el dia de hoy.

Por cortesia de Plâtres Vieujot
Debido a la amplia disponibilidad de yeso en toda Francia, Stuc Pierre era de uso común en regiones tan diversas como la costa de Normandía, Provenza, Borgoña, los Pirineos y la Costa Azul. Particularmente en París y en la Île-de-France, no es raro ver ejemplos existentes de fachadas representadas completamente en Stuc Pierre o en combinación con Stuc Brique, una técnica similar en la que los agregados de piedra pulverizada se reemplazan por polvo de ladrillo. Stuc Pierre fué tradicionalmente aplicado sobre un soporte de ladrillo o mampostería. Con el advenimiento de la construcción de hierro y acero a principios del siglo XX, Stuc Pierre se usaría cada vez más sobre la malla para preservar la apariencia de una fachada arquitectónica clásica.

Mise en OEuvre , Aplicación

El primer paso es la selección precisa de la mezcla. Para trabajos de restauración, se diseña el mortero para el tipo de piedra a imitar. La nueva construcción permite una gran libertad artística. A diferencia de la cal o el cemento, el yeso es un material autoaglutinante. Agregados, tales como piedra triturada,
ladrillo o arena no son necesarios para el rendimiento del revestimiento, pero se agregan para los fines de la invención. Se puede también agregar cuentas de vidrio, serrín, conchas marinas y fibra de lino para la expresión artística.

Al igual que con cualquier revestimiento, la limpieza y la estabilidad del soporte son muy importantes. Cuando se utiliza en el exterior, hay que prestar atención a los diferentes diseños arquitectónicos. Los aleros, los entablados y las hiladas voladas, son importantes para eliminar el agua de la fachada y evitar la transmisión localizada. Las superficies horizontales que por lo general ocurren en los frontones, las aberturas de las ventanas y puertas deben estar correctamente a nivel. Una capa freática, como por ejemplo; una piedra densa e impermeable en la base, evita que el agua suba a la acción capilar. La adherencia a unas pocas soluciones sencillas y muy exitosas hace que un trabajo hermoso perdure por muchas generaciones.

La mezcla se puede hacer a mano, con una mezcladora o con una hormigonera. La aplicación exterior se puede hacer en una sola capa o en capas sucesivas con un mínimo espesor total de 30mm. En interiores, el espesor se reduce a un mínimo de 12mm-19mm. Es posible la aplicación sobre albañilería, sobre listones de madera o sobre paneles de yeso. En todos los casos, se pueden utilizar las herramientas tradicionales de estuco y yeso, como la paleta, la llana, el fratás, regles, herramientas de esquina, etc. Hay diferentes diseños de acabado exteriores, cornisas hechas in situ, molduras y ornamentos.

En el acabado de estuco de piedra se confía en el artesano experto para desbloquear el gran potencial artístico del material. Una cuchilla de acero francesa o paleta Berthelet se usa tradicionalmente en la superficie, para quitar el exceso de mortero y nivelar la pared, exponiendo así los hermosos agregados que contiene. Se pueden utilizar tratamientos adicionales como el lavado, el pincelado, el pulido o el lijado para lograr los efectos deseados. Para el corte de uniones se utiliza una herramienta de la vía del ferrocarril tradicional o Chemin de Fer. Las juntas pueden dejarse abiertas y lisas en un patrón Ashlar o rellenarse con material para dar un efecto de mortero.

Sostenibilidad

Por cortesia de Wright Architects
El Stuc Pierre es valorado en el mercado de la sostenibilidad. En la UE, el estuco de imitación de piedra se usa comúnmente en la construcción de balas de paja y de cal y cáñamo. El yeso tiene una energía de fabricación relativamente baja, producida al calentar el yeso crudo a aproximadamente 300°F. Las adiciones de aglutinantes de arcilla, fibras de cáñamo y agregados recuperados o reciclados pueden reducir aún más la energía incorporada. Tradicionalmente, un pequeño porcentaje de cal hidratada se añade a la mezcla aportando alcalinidad y resistencia natural al moho. Todos los materiales utilizados en el estuco piedra son minerales o renovables, no tóxicos y libres de VOC. Además, la porosidad del recubrimiento garantiza una cobertura transpirable que aprovecha al máximo la transferencia del calor y reduce puentes térmicos.

Conclusión

Me gustaría agradecer a Joël Puisais, de The Compagnons du Devoir y a mi compañero Marc Potin de Plâtres Vieujot por las referencias históricas de esta publicación. Plâtres Vieujot fue fundado en 1880 y sigue siendo el único fabricante privado de yeso en Francia. Puede encontrar más información en su página web: http://www.platre.com/platre/


Escrito por Patrick Webb
Traducido por Anna Castilla Vila 

Monday, December 31, 2018

El Tadelakt Marroquí


Esgrafiado hecho por el maestro "Mâalem"
Enigmático, exótico, artesanal, rústico, seductor... Estos son solo algunos de los adjetivos que intentan describir la esencia del Tadelakt, el revestimiento de cal de Marrakech que en los últimos años ha fascinado el mundo del diseño occidental, primero en Francia (lógicamente por su habla francesa y ser Marruecos un destino popular de vacaciones. Además, tengo que admitir que muchos diseñadores franceses tienen un gusto impecable) y, posteriormente, en toda la UE y EE. UU.

Hace algunos años viajé a Marruecos con un grupo organizado desde Venecia por el verdadero maestro italiano, Franco Saladino. Fuimos a estudiar la aplicación y la fabricación del Tadelakt. Inmediatamente me enamoré de la comida, la música, el "terroir", la cultura, y sus revestimientos. Uno de mis compañeros del sector en los EE. UU. Ryan Chivers, realizó una visita similar y también quedó cautivado. Ryan y yo haremos nuestro mejor esfuerzo para compartir lo que hemos aprendido sobre su historia, fabricación y aplicación.

Historia

Aljibe cubierto en Tadelakt, Palacio Al Badi
La palabra Tadelakt es una transcripción del árabe " تدلاكت ", que significa "masajeado" o, alternativamente, "frotado", "amasado". El nombre es significativo y un gran indicio de lo que se trata Tadelakt. Sí, es un tipo de enlucido que tiene ciertas propiedades, pero es una práctica muy importante que involucra un poco de palizón en su proceso. La calcinación de la cal para hacer mortero ha estado ocurriendo durante mucho tiempo en el norte de África. Sabemos que en Egipto, por ejemplo, estaban utilizando variosas revestimientos de yeso y cal para la construcción de las pirámides y otras estructuras que datan de hace 5.000 años. Sin embargo, fue bajo la dinastía "beréber". Almorávide del siglo XI, con sede en Marrakech, cuando los artesanos comenzaron a usar el método Tadelakt para dar una acabado a la cal producida localmente para hacer los aljibes reales impermeables.

La piedra caliza utilizada para producir Tadelakt proviene de la zona este de las montañas del Alto Atlas. La piedra caliza es arcillosa, lo que significa que contiene un porcentaje relativamente alto de arcilla. Además, hay una pequeña infiltración de sílice amorfa que hace que la cal Tadelakt sea ligeramente hidráulica. Combinando las propiedades naturales del material con los métodos tradicionales de aplicación del tadelakt, se consiguen unas cualidades impermeables que a se usaron simultáneamente a modo decorativo en fachadas exteriores, para hacer vasijas, y en las paredes interiores de los conocidos "hammams" o casas de baños públicos.

Elaboración

La fosa abierta
Las "fábricas" de Tadelakt se encuentran en las faldas de las montañas del Alto Atlas. Las fábricas son poco más que un terreno plano de tierra con una serie de fosas cilíndricas forradas con ladrillos de adobe. Cada fosa tiene un túnel estrecho de entrada que conduce al suelo de la fosa para que se pueda agregar combustible durante la cocción. Entonces, se levanta un bóveda bien hecha a mano sobre la fosa. La piedra caliza se descompone en trozos más o menos del tamaño de las piezas de un pomelo. No hay ningún tipo de mecánica, por lo que el trabajo se realiza todo a mano, rompiendo cada piedra una a una. Es muy importante que el tamaño de las piedras a cocer sea el mismo para una cocción uniforme. Si las piedras a quemar son demasiado grandes, el carbono no se eliminará completamente. Si son demasiado pequeñas habrá una vitrificación de los silicatos. De cualquier modo, siempre puedes terminar con muchos pedazos inservibles.

La bóveda erguida, listo para hornear
Este es precisamente el proceso descrito por Vitruvio y utilizado por los romanos hace dos milenios para producir el mortero de cal. Los árabes conservaron muchos de los antiguos textos romanos y durante su edad de oro, tradujeron muchos documentos del latín y el griego al Árabe. Tadelakt, es esencialmente un cemento romano que utiliza la piedra caliza local de Marrakech. El combustible muy eficaz para el horno proviene de los campos circundantes, un arbusto abundante con alto contenido en aceites naturales, este se colecta unas semanas antes y se deja secar. La temperatura dentro del horno se eleva a aproximadamente 950 ° C (1750 ° F), y se mantiene durante al menos 24 horas bajo la supervisión cuidadosa de un hornero experimentado. Por supuesto que no hay termómetro. Se determina la temperatura observando el color de la llama y el olor del humo.

el hornero inspeccionando la bóveda
Después de un día completo de enfriamiento, la bóveda se desmonta. Si la piedra caliza se ha cocido correctamente, las piedras se convertirán en polvo rociando ligeramente con agua. La reacción es rápida produciendo una buena cantidad de calor, aunque no tanto como con la cal viva. Finalmente, se somete a una serie de tamices para eliminar los trozos demasiado cocidos o sin cocer. Esto se hace típicamente al aire libre por dos hombres que sostienen y sacuden un tamiz manual grande de aproximadamente 0.75m x 2m, y con un ayudante que tira la cal en él. La cal Tadelakt permanecerá altamente activa si se empaqueta y se almacena rápidamente para evitar su carbonatación con el aire.

Aplicación

La aplicación de Tadelakt es un proceso con varios pasos. La esencia de Tadelakt hábilmente aplicada es el tiempo. Comprender cuándo realizar cada paso es algo que es difícil de describir y requiere experiencia. Con el Tadelakt, hay muchas maneras de lograr el mismo resultado, dependiendo de las herramientas y los materiales que se utilicen. Esta descripción pretende describir el proceso de Tadelakt como se hace tradicionalmente en Marrakech.

Herramientas

Cortesia de Franco Saladino
Las herramientas tradicionales utilizadas en Marruecos, son muy sencillas. Una paleta grande de albañil se usa para mezclar. Se utiliza un cubo de agua y un cepillo grande para mojar las paredes. La paleta de albañil se usa en combinación con el "Taloche", un fratás de madera que se puede usar como superficie para sostener o aplicar el material. Una vez que se ha aplicado el material, el fratás de madera se utiliza para aplanar y rellenar la superficie. La paleta de albañil se usa para alisar inicialmente la superficie. El "Galet" es una piedra de río dura que generalmente es plana y lisa por un lado. Se utilizan varias piezas de plástico para un alisado final. Una de ellas, es una pieza plana rígida con un borde pulido. También se utiliza una lámina de plástico plegada para suavizar formas redondas.

Mezcla

El Tadelakt es tradicionalmente mezclado a mano. El material se tamiza a través de un tamiz fino para eliminar las piezas más grandes de agregado. El polvo se agrega al agua y se mezcla bien con la paletade albañil. El material se mezcla sorprendentemente aguado teniendo en cuenta la succión relativamente alta de los sustratos tradicionales. El pigmento se agrega después de mezclar la cal. El pigmento seco, primero se rocía con un poco de agua, se mezcla completamente y entonces se añade a la mezcla.

Aplicación

El primer paso del proceso es comprobar la absorción del sustrato. El tadelakt se aplicaba tradicionalmente en sustratos altamente absorbentes como paredes gruesas de tierra, cal o cemento. Para reducir la succión, se lanza una pequeña cantidad de agua a la superficie. Para la aplicación a gran escala, se aplica una pequeña cantidad de material en la pared para garantizar que el fondo absorba a una velocidad adecuada. El Tadelakt se aplica en varias capas delgadas hasta un espesor final de aproximadamente 4-6 mm. La paleta de albañil se utiliza para aplicar, y el fratás de madera se utiliza como una superficie para sujetar el material. Alternativamente, el fratás de madera se puede usar como una llana y entonces usar la paleta para colocar el material en el fratás.

Durante la aplicación, se tiene especial cuidado en allanar bien la superficie de manera uniforme. Después de un corto tiempo, el fratás de madera se frota sobre la superficie para rellenar y alisar. Los puntos altos se muelen y los puntos bajos se rellenan. Otro aspecto importante de este paso es aplastar todos los granos de arena más grandes y traer los finos a la superficie. El siguiente paso es suavizar la superficie del Tadelakt con la paleta de albañil, una vez que el grosor del enlucido se ha secado justo lo suficiente para poder trabajar la superficie. Nuevamente, se puede rociar un poco de agua si la superficie está demasiado seca. También se puede utilizar una espátula de plástico para suavizar la superficie.

Ryan Chivers puliendo con el "galet"
Después de un período adicional de secado, el Tadelakt está listo para ser pulido con la piedra. Este proceso puede empezar cuando la superficie es apenas móvil. El pulido debe continuar hasta que la superficie está completamente seca y hasta que se logre una superficie lisa. En este punto, cualquier orificio pequeño o imperfección puede rellenarse con la paleta o la espátula de plástico y luego nuevamente frotar suavemente con la piedra. Cuando se completa el pulido de la piedra, y la superficie se ha secado con una ligera adherencia, se pule con la espátula de plástico. Esto se hace horizontalmente, luego verticalmente. El plástico le da a la superficie un alto brillo y es el paso final hasta que el jabón se aplique al día siguiente.

El Tadelakt se deja secar durante 12 horas o más, generalmente durante la noche. Entonces se cubre la superficie completamente con agua jabonosa y se pule inmediatamente con la piedra. En este punto, se utiliza una presión firme para consolidar la superficie cuando se pule con la piedra. Después de que se haya pulido toda la superficie, y el jabón haya penetrado hacia dentro, se pasa un paño suave y seco para limpiar el exceso de jabón. Es común aplicar varias capas de agua jabonosa con un pincel los días posteriores de la aplicación. Este paso ayuda al curado y a la carbonatación y agrega una capa de brillo al Tadelakt. También es común que se aplique un recubrimiento de cera después de un período de carbonatación de 30 días.

Conclusiones Propias


Gran parte del entusiasmo que rodea al Tadelakt no proviene solamente de su belleza intrínseca, sino también de sus características de impermeabilidad. Siempre advierto a mis compañeros de que Tadelakt es una capa de enlucido y podría no ser impermeable por sí misma. Más bien, forma la última superficie expuesta de un sistema impermeable. En Marruecos, e incluso en la UE, los bloques de terracota, ladrillo o cemento con una capa de cal hidráulica o cemento podrían ser un soporte típico. Sin embargo, en las construcciones de estructura de madera, tan comunes en los Estados Unidos, es importante asegurarse de que la superficie a aplicar sea segura, sin flexión ni movimiento y que el sustrato sea el adecuado. Alterntivamente, se pueden usar tablas de cemento o listón de metal como substratos para la aplicación del Tadelakt.

Solamente puedo decir cosas positivas sobre el "Savon noir" marroquí, el jabón negro. Es un jabón hecho con aceite de oliva natural y que se vende a granel en los bazares, se usa para la higiene personal (mi champú) y también para todo tipo de limpieza del hogar. Se presenta como una pasta espesa, pero se emulsiona fácilmente en agua si se mezcla y se deja reposar durante la noche. Como Ryan menciona, es muy importante aplicar el jabón antes de que el Tadelakt comience a carbonatarse. La acción de la piedra frotando el jabón en el Tadelakt impregna profundamente el enlucido, el jabón no forma una película superficial como la cera. La alcalinidad de la cal reacciona químicamente con el jabón para formar otro mineral, el estearato de calcio. La superficie se vuelve altamente resistente al agua líquida, resistente a los arañazos y más dura de lo que normalmente es un acabado de cal, y aún así todavía sigue siendo permeable al vapor.


Escrito por Patrick Webb  y Ryan Chivers
Traducido por Anna Castilla Vila 

Friday, March 4, 2016

Architectural Word of the Day; 191 - 200


NEWEL 

The post at the head, foot or landing of a stair to which the handrail is attached and supported. When there exists immaculate taste and a love of craftsmanship they can get quite elaborate.









 


QUADRIVIUM

In a classical liberal arts program these are the "four paths" of the higher mathematical studies and search for truth. 

In our modern, hyper-rational educational system a disproportionate emphasis is placed on the purely conceptual approach to number, the least instinctive and humanistic of the four and why most students dread math in my opinion (Polynomial long division anyone?)


ARITHMETIC - the all to familiar number in concept

GEOMETRY - number in space

HARMONY - number in time or sequence

COSMOLOGY - the dynamic study of number in time and space



VESICA PISCIS, MANDORLA

The upright almond shape formed by the two radial arcs, each passing through each other's centre. The shape has held sacred meaning at least since Egyptian times and geometrically is the key to unlocking several regular polygons, the golden section and other fundamental spatial forms.



 




CHEVRON

A V-shaped stripe of ornamentation forming a zig-zag pattern, the best examples of which were employed during the Norman period, the name for Romanesque architecture of 11th and 12th century England.


 

FANLIGHT, SUNBURST

The semi-circular, sometimes semi-elliptical window above a doorway characterized by radiating muntins.

If you look carefully, this recognizable example quite literally, if subtlety stylizes the rays of the sun.




PANACHE

The French word for 'plume', panache came to be used for flamboyance and reckless courage, manifested in architecture as the highly decorated triangular surface of a pendentive.

Simona Albanese captured this amazingly detailed photo at the basilica Sant'Andrea della Valle when it was under renovation.








MOON GATE

A circular portal, typically leading to a garden courtyard in traditional Chinese architecture.



Contributed by Patrick Webb

Sunday, February 28, 2016

The Metaphysical Craftsman


The School of Athens by Rafael
In my second essay of the craftsman's philosophy series we leap headlong into the world of metaphysics, the study of the very nature of existence. A broad and deep branch of philosophy with many correlations to craft that we will revisit time and again. The ambitions of this essay are modest, an opening inquiry into matter, form and change; however, I would assert quite relevant to the craftsman working in applying designs and transforming materials.


Mom and Pop as Agents of Substantial Change

Sexuality is an inescapable fact of life and human existence. Well, who's looking to escape it anyway? Most if not all ancient peoples extrapolated the observations of reproduction and growth inherent in human, animal and plant sexuality to grander explanations of birth, change and death and rebirth of all things. There were underlying forces, masculine and feminine divinities in most cases attributed for everything that we sense as constituting the natural world, living or inanimate.

Greek philosophers, as early as the 5th century B.C.E., began to construct and codify explanations that continued to draw from natural observation but largely eliminated what we might call superstitious elements or appeals to the divine. Notable amongst these philosophers was Aristotle. He asserted that sensible objects consisted of form applied to matter.  Departing from his mentor Plato, he denied that form could have a distinct existence as a purely ideal concept, rather he claimed that form by necessity was embodied in and inseparable from matter, physical reality.

Aristotle established a school in the pre-existing Lyceum of Athens that was quite successful, open on and off for over 200 years before the Roman general Sulla sacked the city.  Fortunately, the Romans preserved most of Aristotle's work and the aforementioned philosophy was to take root in Roman intellectual culture. Interestingly, our English words for father and mother come directly from the Latin words pater and mater respectively. We likewise have inherited the words pattern (form) and matter from the same Latin root words. Substance, so it was purported, results from the masculine pattern imposed upon the feminine matter. This was said to occur at a primary (might I suggest quantum?) level. Most of what is identified as objects would be agglomerations or compounds of  elemental substances.

A snowflake,
hexagonal form imposed upon ice
From this imposition of pattern upon matter there arises the Latin natura, something born, the obvious analogy being of a father and mother begetting children. However, how does one account for change with this viewpoint? It almost appears as if something arises from nothing which sounds absurd. Aristotle proposed that while matter is in fact static and permanent, form has intrinsic dynamism. At the same that time form or pattern has an actuality that defines matter, there exists an inherent potentiality, the possibility of transformation.

Causation as Creation

Although the aforementioned explanation of form teases what is apparent from our senses, that change is possible, it doesn't explicitly reveal how or why it occurs. Aristotle thought that having the answers to these questions was directly tied to real, causal knowledge. In his view we can't truly know an object simply from superficial observation alone. Real knowledge comes from a deeper understanding of what causes the object of interest to be as it is. He was trying to frame all of nature, including human activities into a teleological model, that is to say having an intended end goal. So, Aristotle went on to address such inquiries through his description of the four causes of which I'll adopt and personalise his example of substantial change as illustrated by craft, in the specific case of carving an Ionic capital out of stone.

Material Cause

The material cause, as you might expect, is one of fundamental composition, meant to satisfy the question, "What is it made of?" It is the object of material permanence that foreshadows a formal change. In our craft example, you can see me at right outside of Austin inspecting an exposed bed of Texas limestone.

Formal Cause

Here we must be careful. There is a temptation to allow desires and intentions to cloud the meaning of formal cause. However, we must remember that Aristotle intends a universal system that explains natural change as well, where such intentionality is thought to be absent. Here we answer the question of "What kind of thing is it to be?" This often refers to a change in an objects spatial arrangement or shape as in our example. For the craftsman this occurs in the process of design, originally initiated as an archetypal example in his mind even if influenced by a treatise or example. Physically the formality will be often illustrated in drawings such as the layout of one of the volutes pictured here.

Traditional Stone Carver
Nathan Hunt
Efficient Cause

"By what means does the transformation occur?" At this point we engage with technique, the steps required to apply form to matter, resulting in formal not material change. Technique is a specifically applied knowledge, it is where practise departs from theory. In our particular case it is the applied knowledge of mallet and chisel as exerted upon the "matter" of limestone to impose the "form" of a volute.

Final Cause

There is certainly considered to be by Aristotle a primacy among causes. The final causes answers, "What is the raison d'être? Essentially, what is the purpose?" For the purposes of nature his arguments are interesting. Some of his examples of final causation of nature can be definitively shown to be false and ill conceived, yet others are quite compelling. I'll leave those aside for the moment and consider the craftsman's condition.

Courtesy of Hunt Studios


Certainly, the "end product", in our case the Ionic capital, is an external manifestation of human expression or intention which Aristotle does not preclude. In fact, the desire for final outcomes in art, craft and architecture is acknowledged as generative in the development of formal and efficient causes. With purposes in mind beforehand, humans will create new forms and new techniques to realise them.

Aristotle’s perspective and really the entire study of metaphysics came under withering criticism during the Enlightenment. Particularly, the supposed moment of causation was denied as something that could never be observed, as such impossible as an object of knowledge and subsequently a rationally pointless subject of scientific enquiry. However, this runs counter to our daily subjective “experience” of causation, our sense of meaning and order in the world. Typical of craftsmen, their knowledge of reality is not literal (best expressed in words) rather intimate, the world as a forum for active engagement. They don’t know the world in the sense of knowing what, like the categorisation of an object. Instead it’s more of knowing who, like one might come to know a friend or lover. This series will continue to do what’s possible to reconcile these two ways of knowing or philosophies, doing its best to convey in words what one experiences as a craftsman.

Interested in more content on a Philosophy of Craft?
Please visit my YouTube channel: A Craftsman's Philosophy


Contributed by Patrick Webb

Sunday, July 12, 2015

Decorative Plastering


Students at the
American College of the Building Arts
Without question the craft of plastering has always held widespread practical utilitarian value to our built environment. Stuccoes rendered in exterior provide a sacrificial function, protecting vulnerable substrates from erosion and water damage. Plaster applied inside insulates, attenuates sound and provides a sanitary, durable wall surface. Extrusions of profiles in plaster create mouldings that add architectural interest, helping to delineate space by means of shade and shadow. However, among the many craft specializations of the Decorative and Applied Arts, plaster is by far one of the most expressive mediums. We'll take a quick overview of the Art of plastering via some of the traditions still practiced in Decorative Plastering.

Color and Texture

Clay plaster with osyter shells
Fortunately, two of the most commonly used minerals to produce plaster, lime and gypsum, are inherently very white and accept color readily. A few clays are also a light grey and can be tinted to produce a broad, if muted range of colors. Other clays are naturally occurring in a variety of earthen colors such as sienna, umber and ochre that most of us love just as they are.

Marmorino, meaning "little marble", is an Italian tradition of integral colored lime putty plastering inherited from the ancient Romans. Enjoying a 20th century Rensaissance in the Veneto it soon was popularized once again in Italy and now throughout the world.

The French have there own long standing tradition of adding colors and aggregates to plaster. The French plaster is based on gypsum which is naturally more matte than lime. So, instead of marble  the French tradition emulates limestone, called Stuc Pierre, meaning "Stone Stucco". The surface of Stuc Piere is typically shaved with a "Berthelet", a hand held plaster razor, and often scored to create joints in imitation of ashlar masonry. Virtually every culture has developed its own artistic flare using color and texture with plaster: Shikkui in Japan, Tadelakt in Morocco, Enjarre in Mexico to name a few additional examples.


Ornamentation
Moroccan "gebs" or Gypseries

There are two principal approaches to creating ornamentation in plaster. The first is reductive. Morocco has cultivated master artisans of  "gebs", otherwise known as Gypserie, a wonderful tradition of carving into gypsum plaster that is very akin to wood carving, using similar chisels and gouges.

A more widespread reductive method applied to a variety of different plasters around the world is Sgraffito, carving plaster in very low relief. Sgraffito relies on contrast of color between plaster layers for the effect and is a relatively inexpensive way to add a lot of visual punch.

Of course there are the additive forms of ornamentation for which plaster is famous. The finest ornamented stucco is done by hand, in situ. Lime is the preferred medium although sometimes a quantity of gypsum is added to speed up the work and create higher relief. The most awe inspiring work left by the ancient Romans and emulated in the Renaissance was all painstakingly carried out by hand by armies of sculptors. These must have been very exciting times to be a plasterer! As mold making technologies increased in the 18th century, in situ ornamentation became largely displaced by pre-cast ornamentation in gypsum plaster. Gypsum has a rapid set, just a few minutes, so once time has been invested in a master model, many copies can be made quickly.

Enrico Trolese, contemporary Venetian Stuccotoro

Scagliola and Buon Fresco

There are a few really special applications of decorative plastering that could easily take a lifetime to master. One of those is Scagliola. Scagliola is a technique of emulating marble, typically with gypsum plaster. The artistry required is tremendous. Just matching colors as they occur in marble or developing your own color palate is a challenge in itself. As the technique requires cutting, folding and stacking loaves of plaster in various orientations repeatedly, you must continually visualize what is happening inside, how all of those layers are coming together in a natural way, recreating the subtle variegation of color, veining, stratification and fracturing that occur in marble are all separate skills.

Perhaps the highest artistic expression of plaster, one that blurs the line Buon Fresco. Painting mineral pigments into lime plaster while it is still fresh takes incredible understanding of materials. The plaster must be prepared in a way so that it maintains a consistent level of dampness for as long as possible. Fresco can be as simple as brushing two or three coats of a mineral wash into a completed wall to give it a soft, cloudy, parchment effect to most elaborate works of fine art and trompe-l’œil.

What is important to recall about all of these various decorative plastering traditions is that many of them can and are used in combination. Scagliola might be pressed into moulds to make ornamental pieces that resemble carved marble. Marmorino or a similar fine lime putty plaster is the grounds for painting Buon Fresco.

The art of plastering really has not changed much in thousands of years. We use the same commonly available materials and techniques we always have. And although to become truly expert at the various arts of decorative plaster requires patience and practice, the truth is they are quite humanistic endeavors, appreciable and accessible to most everyone.



Contributed by Patrick Webb

Saturday, April 25, 2015

Oyster Shell Tabby


Colonial Fort Dorchester, circa 1757
One of the oldest, most enduring forms of Spanish and British colonial architecture is oyster shell Tabby. I'll briefly share what I've learned about the history, the materials and how to go about building traditional Tabby walls.

In 15th century Iberia and North Africa there existed a strong tradition of rammed earth construction inherited from the Romans: taking clay, sand and larger granite aggregates and tamping a nearly dry mix into wooden forms. In Spain this type of consturction was called 'tabia', a borrowed word from the Arabic 'عتاب' (attab). When the Spanish began to establish colonies along the Southern coast of North America they modified the 'tabia' construction as suitable clay was rare along the southeast coast and Florida, the general condition being a thin layer of topsoil covering over sand. Although the 'pluff mud' found in the 'back barriers' and tidal lagoons is partly composed of clay, it also contains large percentages of fine sands, even finer silts as well as organic matter that make it entirely unsuitable for construction. However, pluff mud does provide a perfect nesting bed for a natural resource that would prove extremely useful as a building material: oysters.

Whereas in Spain readily available limestone was quarried and dressed as masonry units or burnt for lime, in the colonial outposts it was largely unavailable (the Coquina of St. Augustine providing an exception). However, there were plenty of oysters available whose shells were a ready source of lime. The oyster shells were harvested, oyster removed and the shells left outside for weeks to allow the rain and insects to clean out any organic matter. Most often 'middens', Native American waste oyster shell heaps, were already available and exploited for raw material.

The shells were used in three ways. Shells were broken up to provide a gradation of small to medium aggregates although many were left intact for the larger aggregates. A good percentage was set aside for a lime burn. Shells were stacked atop a 'rick' of alternating logs not unlike a funeral pyre and the logs would be set alight, burning for a couple of days. Carbon dioxide calcines from the shells with the intense heat (over 1500° F) leaving a caustic highly alkali compound, Calcium Oxide commonly known as quicklime. 

Making Tabby is a lot like making pancake batter. One starts with hoeing up the dry ingredients:

1 part quicklime
1 part broken shells
1 part whole shells
1 part sand


Next comes the water. One needs to be very careful at this step because with the addition of water the slaking process, conversion of quicklime to Calcium Hydroxide of slaked lime, is a very rapid, exothermic reaction. Larger pebbles of quicklime can quickly release steam that can cause the mix to pop and splatter the highly alkali mix onto exposed skin or eyes.




 
The mix should be just wet enough to be able to tamp. Excess water will make the lime matrix weakened by voids as the water evaporates and take longer to achieve a sufficient compressive strength. Tabby can be hodded to the site with barrows. Balls of Tabby are made by hand and slung into wooden forms. The mix is then vigorously tamped from above.

With all of the rough oyster shell aggregate exposed at the surface, tabby walls are vulnerable to erosion from streaming water. Typically, like the wall itself, they were covered with a lime plaster using just the smaller crushed oyster shell and sand for aggregates. This render served as a sacrificial coat to protect the wall. The entire system is both aesthetically pleasing and very durable, proof of which being a number of colonial and early federal sites that have endured hundreds of years even without maintenance. 


Contributed by Patrick Webb

Tuesday, February 10, 2015

Architectural Word of the Day; 131 - 140





THOLOS

The Greek word 'tholus' (θόλος) originally meaning 'dome', has long since been extended to include a circular structure, particularly of the colonnaded variety. The memorial to Mary Baker Eddy in Cambridge, MA provides a pristine example. 


PITCHED MASONRY

The dressing of masonry where all of the arrises or edges are in the same plane whilst the facing if left rough, simply dressed with a pitching chisel. 




 
PIAZZA

In Italy it refers to a public space enclosed or nearly enclosed by buildings. We inherited the equivalent "place" from the French. Somehow it doesn't sound nearly as exotic.

As a child I always thought it amazing you could get a pizza in the piazza.

PIAZZA (Charleston)

Pronounced Pee-OZ-ah locally, the side portico is a distinctly Charlestonian feature. Typically running the side length of the home with multiple doors opening to the interior, the open air porch takes advantage of the cooler breezes coming off the water in an effective attempt to beat the summer heat.

I like to think of them as the private country clubs of the landed gentry, a comfortable place for Charleston high society to mingle and philosophize over a chilled drink.
PULVINATION

The bulging out or pillowing ("pulvinus" is literally the Latin word for "cushion") of a moulding element, most commonly the frieze band of the Ionic order specifically referred to as a "pulvinated frieze".
 
 

TRIVIUM

In a classical liberal arts program these are the "three paths" that prepare the student for the deeper studies of the quadrivium. A simplified description is as follows:

GRAMMAR - the mechanics of language

LOGIC - the mechanics of thought

RHETORIC - the use of grammar and logic to instruct or persuade




Contributed by Patrick Webb

Sunday, January 11, 2015

Federal and Beaux Arts


Plaster eagle, Monticello
The founding fathers of the United States lived and were educated during an era later known as the Age of Enlightenment. It was a period espousing values such as reason, individual merit and greater liberty in philosophical inquiry as legitimate bases for authority. A measure of that inquiry harkened back to the days of Classical Greece, an age of prosperity and high culture. The democratic city-state of Athens harbored schools of philosophy led by the great minds of men such as Plato and Aristotle. Another significant influence was the ancient Republic of Rome. Its representative form of government was to largely serve as a referential blueprint for the political structure of the emerging nation.

A Federal Style

Perhaps no other single figure embodied the ideals and values of the new American Republic as that of Thomas Jefferson. A gentleman architect himself, Jefferson would lead the way in establishing a national style of civic architecture for the now federated states of the former British colonies. Jefferson held the works of Palladio in particular high esteem, seeing them as of direct lineage from the Roman Republic. Political connotations were thus to be embedded in Federal architecture. Likewise symbolic meaning was an important component in conveying values and plaster was an excelling medium of expression in architecture. For example, in 1782 the bald eagle was chosen as the preeminent emblem of the new republic. The eagle symbolized qualities such as long life and majesty; however, its ability to soar above conveyed the most treasured value of liberty. Jefferson's own commission of a modeled plaster eagle at Monticello in 1812 featured 18 plaster stars, coinciding with Louisiana's admission as the 18th state.

"Justice", Old Supreme Court chamber
Close colleagues of Jefferson were the "Father of American Architecture", Benjamin Latrobe and Charles Bulfinch, widely considered the first native born American born to practice architecture professionally. Latrobe initially designed the Supreme Court chamber of the Capitol with its domical, ribbed plaster vaulting whereas Bulfinch led its restoration and elaboration after damage suffered to the Capitol building during the War of 1812.  Commissioned to Carlos Franzoni in 1817 was the plaster relief sculpture "Justice". Rich in iconographical meaning, Justice, the most important of the four cardinal virtues, is personified in the figure of a classical maiden. Her scales represent impartiality, her sword signifies her authority. The owl at her side represents the very embodiment of Minerva, Roman goddess of wisdom whilst to the right the eagle as symbol of the republic surmounts the books of law. Finally, to the left a winged "genius" presides over the Constitution under a sunburst halo symbolic of truth.

One of the greatest civic spaces ever conceived and a national treasure is the Capitol Rotunda. The cupola was designed by architect Thomas U. Walker and completed in 1863. The crowning feature filling the oculus is the "Apotheosis of Washington" added in 1865. This enormous work, 65 feet in diameter, was realized in plaster, painted al fresco by Constantino Brumidi over the course of 11 months. The fresco quite literally represents the deification of George Washington. Ascending with him at either side are the Roman goddesses Victory and Liberty. In turn, he is surrounded by the Roman gods Minerva, Neptune, Mercury, Vulcan and Ceres symbolizing Science, Maritime Power, Commerce, Industry and Agriculture respectively. Of particular interest is the American goddess Columbia, the personification of both Freedom and War.

Vulcan depicted as a symbol of Industry


L'École des Beaux-Arts

The Breakers, Newport RI
In the 1840's a young American living in Paris, aspiring architect Richard Morris Hunt, was the first American to be admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts. The École was the most prestigious school of art, sculpture and architecture in the world offering a rigorous study extending from Classical Greece, Imperial Rome through the Italian Renaissance and the French Baroque. After the Civil War, Hunt began designing one mansion after another for wealthy industrialists of the burgeoning Gilded Age. His most opulent commissions came from his primary patron, the Vanderbilt family. Hunt was to inspire and soon be followed by scores of architects practicing in the US: the firms of Carrère and Hastings as well as McKim, Mead and White provide prominent examples. Lavish ornamentation was characteristic of Beaux Arts architecture and plaster was routinely specified.

Foreign architects were also active in the US. Beaux Arts trained French architect Ernest Sanson was engaged for two prominent American commissions: the Perry Belmont Mansion in DC and notably the Carolands Chateau south of San Fransisco. The Carolands is immense with an inner volume of over 1 million cubic feet. Both properties introduced to the US the French plaster tradition of Stuc Pierre, an integrated colored and aggregated gypsum lime plaster in emulation of limestone.

Carolands Chateau


Well this concludes my series on Plaster History. Personally, it has been both educational and enjoyable to explore the richness of the trade and all of the beautiful works folks just like us have created. I look forward to writing upcoming articles concerning what is happening in the trade today in both education and practice.

Contributed by Patrick Webb