Saturday, December 8, 2018

Estuco Mármol


Foto por Walter Cipriani
La máxima expresión artística creada por los yeseros fué perdida y redescubierta. Sin embargo,  durante los últimos dos milenios, el estuco mármol o scagliola no ha dejado de fascinar ni de  perder su misterio. Mitad escultura y mitad ciencia. El proceso sofisticado que da luz al Estuco  mármol exige una mente enfocada y la precisión de un químico, las manos de un yesero  experimentado y el ojo sutil y delicado de un artista.

Historia

El estuco mármol surge del resultado de una secuencia meticulosamente programada de: teñido,  mezcla y arreglo de la escayola para imitar el mármol. Los arqueólogos han descubierto que los  romanos y los egipcios ya empleaban estos métodos para imitar el mármol en yeso, pero fueron  olvidados. No obstante, fue en el Renacimiento italiano del siglo XVI, que los enfoques  contemporáneos del estuco mármol fueron concebidos y perfeccionados para efectuar incrustaciones  complicadas en las superficies de los muebles.

En el renacimiento temprano, muchos de los mármoles deseados eran escasos o sehabían agotado. El estuco mármol podía imitar tales mármoles, así como crear colores y patrones nuevos que no existían en la naturaleza. El uso del estuco mármol pronto se expandió para moldear ornamentos, columnas y hasta paredes enteras. 

El uso del estuco mármol se expandió por toda Europa continental y, finalmente, en Gran Bretaña en el siglo XVIII. Los usos destacados del estuco Mármol Scagliola en Inglaterra incluyen columnas y pilastros en el Palacio de Buckingham y en la Casa Syon de Robert Adam. Hubo un avance significativo en la tecnología del yeso a mediados del siglo XIX con la llegada del cemento de Keen. Keen allanó el camino para un nuevo método para producir Scagliola llamado Marezzo, conocido en los Estados Unidos como Scagliola estadounidense debido a su fácil aceptación y su uso prominente desde mediados de 1800 hasta la Gran Depresión.

Existen innumerables recetas, antiguas y contemporáneas, en todos los casos los ingredientes y procesos de mezcla para la producción del estuco mármol son secretos y patentados. Pero intentemos, al menos parcialmente, retirar la cortina de humo de este secreto, con una explicación básica de cómo funciona la elaboración de estuco mármol.

Proceso de elaboración

El estuco mármol se puede realizar in situ o en una mesa de trabajo. Cuando el trabajo se realiza in situ, requiere varias precauciones en la preparación del sustrato. En todos los casos, todo debe de estar limpio, seco y a una temperatura cálida.

Se usa un yeso fino de alta calidad como material base. En el mismo día, se prepara un pegamento alto en Colágeno, por ejemplo el que se obtiene con la piel del conejo o con cola de pescado. Este pegamento actúa como retardante de secado y aporta más fuerza al yeso. Los pigmentos minerales en seco se pueden introducir directamente a la masa, mezclados en seco con el yeso o emulsionados, dependiendo del acabado deseado. Ingredientes opcionales usados como relleno incluyen la tiza molida o la selenita (un tipo de yeso molido), y el aceite de linaza como complemento del pegamento retardante y para ayudar a la trabajabilidad, también se le pueden añadir trocitos de mármol para crear efectos decorativos.

Así como el panadero trabaja con harina agua y levadura, el artesano amasa el yeso con agua y pegamento hasta hacer una masa firme. La mejor manera de lograrlo es formando un anillo de yeso seco que rodea un "castillo" central de yeso. El "foso" se llena con agua con cola y comienza el proceso de corte y amasado.

A través de una serie de cortes, la adición de pigmentos, el plegado y la unión de toda la masa, se mezclan y se reservan como grandes bolas colocadas en proporciones y disposiciones que logran el resultado deseado: un efecto de mármol verdadero o una creación fantasiosa. Dependiendo del resultado deseado, a partir de la mezcla inicial, las lechadas de colores y otras preparaciones se reservan para efectos decorativos. Gran parte de la artesanía se encuentra en un proceso de ingeniería inversa mental. Uno concebir el resultado deseado, tener todos los materiales a mano y tomar medidas sistemáticamente para lograr el efecto.

Por lo general, el yeso se construye con un espesor de entre 12 y 15 mm dejando unos 3 mm para cortar la superficie. Una vez que el material ha alcanzado un conjunto inicial, se puede cepillar con una herramienta de corte adecuada, como un Berthelet o navaja francesa, eliminando el exceso de 3mm para obtener una superficie plana. En este punto, el material aún es maleable y se puede permitir que cure como un panel plano. Alternativamente, las rebanadas de Scagliola se pueden presionar en un molde o directamente sobre un sustrato de yeso incrustado in situ. Para trabajos ornamentales como balaustres, urnas y ejes de columnas, el estuco mármol puede envolverse alrededor de una base adecuada y girarse en un torno.


Una vez que se ha permitido que el estuco mármol fragüe y seque naturalmente, se puede empezar el trabajo de pulido. Tradicionalmente, después de cortar el estuco mármol se empleaban piedras pómez y esponjas húmedas para suavizar el trabajo.

El alisado final y el pulido se lograron históricamente con Water of Ayr, una piedra de serpiente natural de Escocia, conocida principalmente como una herramienta de afilado para el pulido de cuchillas de afeitar. Las técnicas modernas de pulido logran un resultado similar con un papel de lija húmedo / seco de grano cada vez más fino. La superficie terminada se puede frotar con aceite de linaza para aumentar el brillo, la dureza y para añadir una medida de protección contra las manchas.

La técnica Marezzo o Scagliola americana fue una verdadera innovación que siguió una metodología distinta. No es necesario cortar la superficie, ya que el veteado y la coloración se realizan en la cara del molde en una capa fina para las piezas ornamentales. El trabajo de panel plano se realiza típicamente en vidrio grueso para que los patrones creados se vean desde abajo.

La mezcla de yeso Marezzo se basa en el cemento Keen, un cemento de yeso de fraguado lento que no requiere el uso de retardantes o endurecedores. Se usan hilos de seda para crear vetas y los tintes minerales secos se pueden usar para proporcionar color.

Conclusión

La Scagliola o Estuco Mármol ha disfrutado de una rica historia que adorna muchas de las obras de arquitectura más prestigiosas de Europa, desde el Renacimiento hasta el Neoclásico. Del mismo modo, en los Estados Unidos, Marezzo ocupó un lugar destacado en muchos de los triunfos arquitectónicos del siglo XIX y aún puede ser admirado en las grandes entradas de juzgados, capitolios estatales, estaciones de ferrocarril y hoteles elegantes en todo el país.


Escrito por Patrick Webb  y Sloan Houser.
Traducido por Anna Castilla Vila 

Tuesday, September 25, 2018

The New Guild for the Traditional Plastering Craft

Courtesy of Philip Gaches
The recognition of a need for a "New" Guild for the traditional plastering craft first arose some years ago among some recognised Masters of the craft. Granted, there are existing organisations in the United Kingdom that work with training in primarily proprietary industrial plaster materials through the NVQ system at Colleges of Further Education. Furthermore, there are forums dedicated to the  chemical and material science of plaster materials, particularly various limes. Nevertheless, as materials, means and methods of the traditional plastering craft have been widely recovered in the past few decades it seems evident to many that what is how urgently needed is a plasterers' guild composed of plasterers for the benefit of plasterers led by an authoritative body of Masters whose experience, competence and character can be attested to by their fellows.

I would like to stress from the outset that what follows is my personal perspective on the New Guild and I'm in no way acting as a spokesman on their behalf.

Masters and Guilds

I think it's a fair question to ask, what does it mean to be a "Master" of traditional plastering and  what is it specifically that sets a Master Plasterer apart from other, related qualifications? The following are my personal reflections in response to that question from the latest Gathering in Dublin, Ireland:

A Master might know quite a bit about the history of his craft but he's not expected to be an academic.
A Master often has acute business acumen but his qualification is not that of an administrator.
A Master should have a good understanding of plaster composition but he's not expected to be a scientist.
A Master is recognised by his fellows as a person of upstanding character as well as an expert in his craft...no ifs, ands, or buts about that. We'll expand on what that expertise might consist of a bit later.

An equally fair question to ask, in our contemporary age what is the purpose of a Guild? Once again, some personal reflections that represent my take on what are at least some of the things that a Guild can accomplish well:

A Guild provides true fellowship among craftsmen who experience much the same life but it is not a social club.
A Guild facilitates collaboration of large or complex projects facing its members but it is not a union or a cartel.
A Guild cultivates its membership, providing education and mentorship for not only the technical aspects of the craft but also the ethical and financial responsibilities of operating a business.
A Guild provides an authoritative body of expertise that the public as well as the professional architectural and conservation communities can rely upon to locate qualified plasterers for heritage and new traditional plasterwork.

While there are many things a guild could embark upon to fulfill the aforementioned purposes, the New Guild has two organisational structures already well developed and implemented: The Register and The Gathering

The Membership Register

Only Masters Plasterers are full members of the Guild. And only individuals can be members of the guild at any level. The process to qualify as a Master Plasterer is extremely rigorous. First of all, it requires at least 25 years of experience to even be able to qualify to apply at that level. Furthermore, the assessment is conducted by existing Master Plasterers and involves interviews as well as on site evaluation of past and ongoing work. A few of the skills that should be already mastered by a candidate include:

Mastery of methods of solid, flatwork plastering is of course fundamental.
Material knowledge is likewise vitally important; a candidate should be able to understand and use a wide range of plaster materials (lime, clay, gypsum, natural cement) and understand the difference between these materials and their applicable techniques as they apply to different periods of history for conservation work.
Candidates should be well qualified in running mouldwork, both run-in-situ as well as fibrous.
Experience should extend to specialty work such as ornamentation, scagliola and composition mouldings.
And very importantly, a candidate for being a Master should already be able to teach courses in plastering and would be expected to be actively involved in apprenticeships.

Again, this is extremely rigorous; nevertheless, that rigor ensures that the title is well earned and means something. If the aforementioned sounds overwhelming, I can assure you there's no reason to get discouraged or feel the Guild is exclusive or not for you. There are a number of levels for associate members of the Guild which I'll expand upon below.

Traditional Plasterer - Having a good deal of experience and mastery of many of the fundamental skills above that is working towards the qualification of Master Plasterer.

Fibrous Plasterer - Specialised in and operating at a very high level of skill in fibrous plasterwork and ornamentation.

Conservation Plasterer - Capable of carrying out small repairs in a conservative and careful manner. Also able to conserve plaster using methods of stabilisation. Should have a very high level of knowledge regarding material science.

Vernacular Plasterer - Capable of plain plastering of cottages and small houses with a good knowledge of traditional materials but not necessarily to a high degree of accuracy.

There has been some discussion about a category for students and apprentices and that looks likely to be included soon. Also, there is a honorary designation for Friends of the Guild, pertaining to academics and professionals outside the plastering craft that do important research and advocacy on behalf of the craft.

The Master Plasterers Gathering


The first couple of gatherings were held in Lincolnshire where the idea of formulating the New Guild was being incubated. I'm not sure how it happened but I was invited to the inaugural Master Plasterers Gathering in Wales after the New Guild had recently launched. Dozens of traditional plasterers were in attendance and I was overwhelmed with exposure to traditional techniques such as hot lime/earth mortar mixes, ornamental pargeting and haired lime as used in Jacobean mouldwork. Of course chat around the campfire, wild game and Welsh whisky at the local pub were nice touches as well!

I unfortunately missed the next Gathering which took place in York. However, I was able to attend this year's gathering in Dublin. We still had our social lubrication with fine dining and pints of Guinness (boy is it better in Ireland!); however, it was clear the Guild was maturing. Since the previous gathering a committee had been formed to how this Guild will organise itself to fulfill all of the purposes I had mentioned at the outset. I was honoured to be included in their deliberations and won't disclose how they intend to move forward, save to say that it is with confidence and ambition; I witnessed a real display of leadership.

The highlight of this latest Gathering in Ireland was the complete reconstruction of St Mel's Cathedral in Longford. On Christmas Day 2009 a fire completed gutted the roof and interior of the Cathedral, a catastrophe for the entire region. We received a breakdown of how the monumental plaster reconstruction was carried out, absolutely invaluable trade knowledge. The plasterwork carried out there within a ridiculously abbreviated time constraint was nothing short of miraculous. It was only possible because of the collaboration of several now recognised within the Guild as Master Plasterers. All of the plasterwork reconstructed at St Mel's but particularly the ceiling stand as a testament against the claims that "we can't do that type of work anymore" or that "there is nobody qualified to do it". That one project embodies almost every aspect of the traditional plastering craft conducted at the highest and most monumental level.

Courtesy of Philip Gaches

Many more good things are on the near horizon. Next year's Gathering is being organised to take place in Scotland. Perhaps the following year in France where Master Plasterers from the New Guild will get to roll up their sleeves with their counterparts from Les Compagnons! At some point we would love to host a Gathering here in the United States as there are many plasterers who have heard of the New Guild and are beginning to express interest in getting involved. Speaking of which, if you're interested in finding out more about the Guild or to request an application you can contact them at the link below:

http://www.traditionalplasterersguild.co.uk/#contactus


Contributed by Patrick Webb






Sunday, March 27, 2016

Leaving Life Unresolved


Assisting artist Jill Hooper
We live in the midst of an unprecedented period of human existence. In the Western world there is a previously inconceivable surplus of wealth. Setting aside the sustainability of the source of this wealth, its existence is indisputable. An unexpected advantage of this fundamental economical and societal shift is that, should we choose to live within our means, it is actually possible for some of us to live a life largely attending to matters of personal interest. More surprising yet, this frequently becomes quite profitable. A condition of life that was hardly conceivable even to the wealthiest of aristocrats of former times whose social obligations and managerial responsibilities placed limitations on personal pursuits.

For the past few years my new year's resolutions have been looking less and less like resolutions at all, while this one arrives well into spring. Long story short, I'm finally at peace with leaving life unresolved. Don't get me wrong, it's not that I've lost interest. Quite to the contrary, I'm more engaged than ever! However, my motivation has shifted from goals to interests. Paradoxically, this shift in consciousness is having the unexpected consequence of more quickly surpassing what previously had been affirmed goals. Expressed as an inversion of musician Janis Ian's sentiment: "I've gained the love I sought to lose."

I'm still participating in the educational initiatives, consultation and advocacy for craft that I've spoken about over the years. Likewise, I still have my hands regularly on the tools. However, below are a few "interesting" directions I'm drifting towards in 2016:

Scagliola, Buon Fresco & Ornament

Plastering is an investment in hand applied skill I've had the pleasure to see mature over the years. What currently interests me is expressing that accumulated craftsmanship artistically on collaborative projects with friends and colleagues. I'm actively pursuing Scagliola projects together with artist Jim Gloria, a recognised master of the medium. We're currently negotiating an architectural project of Ionic columns as well as meeting with a traditional iron smith to collaborate on furnishings here in Charleston. I expect to have news and images worthy of their own article soon!
Jim Gloria Scagliola

Jeffrey Mims is a personal friend, a brilliant representational painter as well as founder and director of the Academy of Classical Design in Southern Pines, NC. Jeffrey has invited me up to his atelier this June to take the lead in applying traditional lime plaster "grounds" for the barrel vault in the central cast hall. That accomplished I look to fall back into an apprentice role, assisting as I'm able in the design and painting of the fresco itself.
The Academy of Classical Design

Applying plaster grounds with a student at The Academy of Classical Design


In regard to ornament, one of the major ethical issues that I've had with projects over the years is that my work and that of my colleagues has more often than not been proprietorially seized, legally converted as the intellectual property of clients with the imposition of NDA's, non-disclosure agreements. I was approached last year by John Paul Hughley of Building Art about the creation of a range of plaster ornament as objets d'art, drawing from the local culture of Charleston to be sold with a provenance recognising the artists and craftsmen responsible. I'm proud to say that local artist Jill Hooper did a beautiful job sculpting our initial effort, the pictured crania (inspired by Charleston's Market Hall). Furthermore, I was privileged to work with her in creating the moulds and castings. I'll continue to work with Jill as well as two additional architectural sculptors that I look to announce shortly.
Jill Hooper Fine Art

Writing

Most of you all know that I love to write. A couple of years ago I was approached by Walls & Ceilings magazine to write a series on the history of plaster in architecture. Although they're the leading trade publication for the drywall and EIFS industries, they're recently keen to publish more articles about traditional plastering. It has developed into a fruitful relationship. With the completion of the series I've been asked to provide a regular column and even provide some webinars for ongoing education. Look forward in April to a fun article on plaster restoration, "Confessions of a Plasterer".
Walls & Ceilings

The Traditional Building Conference Series graciously invited me to speak at Duke University this past November on plaster as an architectural specification as well as the broader topic of possibilities for the improvement of the educational infrastructure of craft at a national level. Public speaking is a work in progress for me; however, I believe it was well received and I was subsequently invited to contribute a monthly series in Traditional Building Magazine. "Traditional Plaster 101" will attempt to demystify plaster materials by discussing their composition and chemistry in easy to comprehend layman's terms.
Traditional Building Magazine

Next, we're just at the point of inking a book deal entitled Essential Natural Plasters. "We" being myself, natural plasterer Mike Henry and natural builder Tina Therrein. Noses to the grindstone, we have a projected release date of Fall 2017.

Finally, there is a new essay series I've begun here on Real Finishes just for personal gratification: A Craftsman's Philosophy. This is an outgrowth of my ongoing personal studies in relativistic physics, quantum mechanics, sacred geometry, as well as Western and Eastern philosophies, to synthesize a personal philosophy through the experiential vehicle of craft. Attempting to refine my ideas sufficiently enough to be coherent on the page is equal parts excitement and madness. Long term, I'm very interested in writing a book on the subject. In the meantime, I'm open to a publication outlet as the essays are written. If anyone has suggestions along those lines I'd be much obliged!

Personally, this shift towards more artistic and intellectual pursuits comes at the perfect time. Plaster can be physically demanding and it feels reasonable now that I cut back my hours on the tools to focus on education and highly skilled aspects of the craft. In that spirit I'll re-extend last year's invitation:

If you are a craftsman, designer, architect, educator or student in one of those fields and would like to collaborate please feel free to contact me at patrick@realfinishes.com


Interested in more content on a Philosophy of Craft?
Please visit my YouTube channel: A Craftsman's Philosophy


Contributed by Patrick Webb